1.1 The Importance of Water
Our Earth seems to be unique among the other known celestial bodies. It has water, which covers three-fourths of its surface and constitutes 60-70 wt % of the living world. Water regenerates and is redistributed through evaporation, making it seem endlessly renewable. So why worry?
Actually, only 1% of the world's water is usable to us. About 97% is salty sea water, and 2% is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. Thus that 1% of the world's water supply is a precious commodity necessary for our survival. Dehydration (lack of water) will kill us faster than starvation (lack of food). Since the plants and animals we eat also depend on water, lack of it could cause both dehydration and starvation. The scenario gets worse. Water that looks drinkable can contain harmful elements, which could cause illness and death if ingested.
1.2 Water Resources in Palestine
1.2.1 Availability
The large variations in rainfall and limited surface resources have led to widespread scarcity of the fresh water resources in the region, resulting in a heavy reliance on groundwater as the major source for various uses. The contribution of surface water to the overall water balance is limited and marginal.
1.2.2 Utilization
Currently the Israelis are dependent on the subterranean water supply of the WB. Approximately 40% of the groundwater upon which the state of Israel is dependent and more than one-quarter of its sustainable annual water yield originates in the WB.
1.2.3 Available Alternatives for the Palestinians Fresh Water Resources
Apart from the water resources in the Jordan River system, the only surface water available is the runoff in the wads, which for most wades is intermittent.
1.3 Non - Conventional Resources
The Palestinian technical and financial capacity to develop non-conventional resources is not yet adequate.
1.4 Purpose of the Project
The first purpose of this project is to evaluate the water demand and consumption of water in Bieta town, in order to analyze the network to see if there are any problems with the network that can be solved with further studying and analysis.
1.5 EPANET Program
1.5.1 Introduction
EPANET V 2.0 is a windows 95/98/NT program that performs extended period simulation of hydraulic and water-quality behavior within pressurized pipe networks. A network can consist of pipe, nodes (pipe junctions), pumps, valves and storage tank or reservoir. EPANET tracks the flow of water in each pipe, the pressure at each node, the height of water in each tank and the concentration of chemical species throughout the network during a simulation period comprised of multiple time steps. In addition to chemical species, water age and source tracing can also be simulated.
2 Components of the Network
Beita’s network consists of pipelines, nodes and one elevated tank.
3.2.1 Pipelines
3.2.2 Nodes
3.2.3 Tank
3.3 Demand and Nodes
4.3 Design of Future Network
To solve the problem of the negative pressure in the future network, we have two options. The first one considered enlarging the old pipes, the second one considered using source booster pump and enlarging the old pipes.