Material types and its application, Material structure and Crystalline systems, space lattices and symmetry, point groups and space groups, Imperfect crystals and point, line and surface defects, principles of X-ray diffraction, single crystal diffraction, powder patterns, Fourier transforms, Patterson functions, grain size effects, diffuse and small-angle scattering. Bragg and Laue, X-ray topography. Relationship between microstructures of solid materials and their engineering properties. The dependence of mechanical, electronic, magnetic, thermal, and chemical properties of metals, semiconductors, ceramics, polymers, and glasses on their chemical bonding, electronic structure, atomic arrangement, and phase composition.