Basic elements of a computer graphics rendering pipeline; architecture of modern graphics display devices; geometrical transformations (rotation, scaling, translation, and their matrix representations); homogeneous coordinates, projective and perspective transformations; algorithms for clipping, hidden surface removal, rasterization, and anti-aliasing; scan-line based and ray-based rendering algorithms; lighting models for reflection, refraction, and transparency; graphics libraries and tools such as OpenGL, and 3D-MAX modeling tools.