Applications of Networks, Wide Area Networks, Network Protocols, Standardization, and The OSI model, TCP/IP Model Connection Oriented and Connectionless Services, The Physical Layer, Medium Access Sublayer, The Data Link Layer, The Network Layer, The Transport Layer, The Application Layer, X.25, ATM, ALOHA, Ethernet, Synchronous/ Asynchronous transmission. DTE-DCE interface, Ethernet, Token ring, Switching.