Sampling as a modulation process; aliasing, total difference equation solution, the Z-transform and discrete-time system analysis; direct and computer-aided design of recursive and non-recursive digital filters; the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT); digital filtering using the FFT; analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion; effects of quantization and finite-word-length arithmetic, stability and applications of DSP